Money - one of the earliest events in the life

Money - one of the earliest events in the life of the community - act out an important role in its economic and social development. They are always predisposed to the attention of scientific workers. Already in the works of Plato and Aristotle are interesting statements about the money. Often referred to them in the chronicles of the period of Kievan Movement. Nevertheless, a systematic study of money and the formation of scientific theories began with the development of capitalism. The study of money to a large extent determined the form of economic theory as a science.Classical political economy of the West, in fact, grew out of studies of fundamental problems of money, which were put in the work of Smith and David Ricardo.Scientific development of these scientists are also a source of monetary theory of Marx, which occupies an important place in the Marxisteconomic science. Much attention was given to the problems of money in the works of famous economists of the XIX-XX centuries. - JS Mill, William Jevons, L. Walras, M. Tugan-Baranovskogo, A. Marshall, J. Keynes, P. Samuelsona, Milton Friedman and othersDespite centuries of study and a large number of theoretical concepts of money, mankind now has a clear and definitive answer to the question, which is money.Submissions that do not have raised doubts in some social conditions, a change shall enter into controversy with reality and recline. Obviously, all this can be explained by the fact that the essence of money is changed to adequately change the nature of social relations in which they operate. Therefore, for understanding the nature of money is necessary to clarify the question of their origin, the reasons which determine the emergence and existence of money in economic life.The emergence of money as a result of evolutionary development of commodity exchange. To give an authentic interpretation of the scientific nature of money, we must first explore their origins. Unfortunately, the world's economic thought is not given an unambiguous explanation of the process.Beginning with Aristotle to the XVIII century. in the theory of money was a fairly common idea that money arose as a result of an agreement between people or introduced legislation to relieve the state of commodity exchange. This interpretation of the origin of money Fed called rationalist conception.Nevertheless, the scientific analysis of the origin and nature of money made by the classics of political economy A. Smith, David Ricardo, Karl Marx, brought the groundlessness of the rationalist conception. After all the money in their simplest forms emerged in the early stage of development of society, where no factor of mutual agreement, nor the government simply could not win back an important role in the formation of economic relations, especially the constitution of such a complex shape, like money.The founders of classical political economy came to the conclusion that the origin of the money due to the difficulties of the direct exchange of products.At the lowest levels of economic development when manufacturers have just started to receive the surplus products of their work and wanted to exchange them to do so, it was quite difficult: the desire of the two subjects of the market for the exchange of use values ​​do not coincide. For example, the owner of the skins of sheep like to exchange for their grain, but the owner of the grain needed was an ax. Well, if the owner had the last requirement in sheep's clothing, then the exchange could take place. Otherwise, all three of them had nothing to purchase and return of the market with their products.Gradually, the participants urged the exchange to the fact that among the products that are exchanged in the market, there is a demand for what is the greatest, that is,He has the highest consumer value. This product can always be easily exchanged for necessary at the moment good. Suppose that such a product in a given area is salt. If it turns out to be a place of exchange, the owner of the sheep skins immediately exchange it for salt, for which he needed then barter for grain directly or indirectly: first - an ax, but for it - corn.In this case the salt to the owner of the skins are not just utility value and medium of exchange, ie performs a simple function of money. With the development and complication of the exchange of such products become more desirable for exchange participants. They are beginning to take everything in exchange for ordinary products, and then they gradually acquire a new customer value - a common property of being a commercial equivalent. In some localities, where the deep-old exchanged gradually stood out their wares on the role of the general equivalent. In this role among different peoples were cattle, furs, salt, grain, shells, metal, etc.Spontaneous fixation for one of the products as a common equivalent mean, in fact, the emergence of money in their simplest form. They are already able to perform bottom-up, basic functions of money - a means of measuring value and medium of exchange. These functions were first in the history of money. They turned the simultaneous execution of a commodity in a qualitatively different phenomenon - money. Nevertheless, in this primitive form of development money has not stopped.In a measure of commodity production, productivity growth of public works, complication and expansion of the territorial limits of the exchange market has been steadily tightened the requirements for the cash commodity. In particular, intensified the requirements for portability, the ability to easily share and recover the desired shape, long term storage of physical qualities, high unit cost and the ability for a long time to keep it at a constant equal, etc. The formation of these requirements led to the first change in the role of the general equivalent of ordinary basic commodities(cattle, salt, corn) products, ornaments (Perley, shells, fur, etc.), and then the latter - pieces of metal, first conventional (iron, copper), and then - precious (silver, gold).Market needs to ensure effective exchange and its requirements for the money gradually become so important, which took place on the natural division of consumer goods cost money - its ability to meet a human need and its specific use value as money - the ability to meet the needs of the market in a medium of exchange, store value and so on. In this role, the money commodity gained the ability to satisfy any human need, impersonal abstract human need as such. And as far as updating the second value in use monetary commodity weakened last link with the priority needs of life. Finally, the role of money in general shifted to non-material medium, which does not have any consumer qualities. This happened in the middle of the twentieth century. through the demonetization of gold.As can be seen from the above, the emergence and development money - a long evolutionary process, due to spontaneous development of commodity production and exchange. This interpretation of the origin of money Fed called evolutionary concepts. It is more scientifically valid and creates a favorable basis for clarifying the nature of money. It implies a number of important conclusions:Firstly, money-born - a commodity, not just a commodity, and the support of certain social relations, which led to the formation of a selection from a wide range of conventional products one thing - money;secondly, as a result of a long evolutionary development of commodity production and market the most money can not be frozen, once and for all the phenomenon, but must constantly evolve in nature and forms of existence;Third, the money can not be abolished or modified by agreement or by decision of the people of the state until such time as there is adequate money public attitudes, as well as can not be "imposed" where such a relationship does not exist.