1. Возникновение и причи1. The origin and cause of the imperialist war.
14 (27) in July 1914 the tsarist government declared a general mobilization. July 19 (August 1), Germany declared war on Russia.
Russia entered the war.
Long before the war, Lenin and the Bolsheviks foresaw its inevitable. At international congresses socialists Lenin spoke with proposals aimed to ensure that the command line to define a revolutionary socialists in the event of war.
He pointed out that the war - an inevitable concomitant of capitalism. Robbery of foreign lands, conquering and looting of the colonies, conquest of new markets not served once the cause of wars of conquest of the capitalist states. Warrior of the capitalist countries is as natural and legitimate state, as the exploitation of the working class.
In particular, the war became inevitable, when, in the late nineteenth and early XX century, finally developed into the highest and last stage of its development - Under imperialism, imperialism acquired a decisive role in the life of the capitalist states powerful unions (monopoly) of the capitalists and banks. Finance capital has become the master of the capitalist states. The financial capital required for new markets, capture new colonies, new places to export capital, new sources of raw materials.
But at the end of the nineteenth century the whole territory of the globe was divided between the capitalist states. Meanwhile. development of capitalism in the era of imperialism is very uneven and unevenly: some countries, former in the first place, and develop its own industry rather slowly, while others, former backward, fast catching up in jumps and overtake them. Changed the ratio of economic and military forces of the imperialist states. Show a tendency for a new redivision of the world.The struggle for a new division of the world caused the inevitability of imperialist war. The 1914 war was a war for the redivision of the world and spheres of influence. It was prepared well in all the imperialist countries. Its perpetrators - the imperialists of all countries.
In particular, as the war was prepared by Germany and Austria, on the one hand, France, Britain and Russia dependent on them - on the other. In 1907, there was Triple Entente, the Entente or, - the union of England, France and Russia. Other imperialist alliance were Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy. But Italy at the beginning of the war of 1914 came from this union, and then joined the Entente.Germany and Austria-Hungary, supported by Bulgaria and Turkey.
Prepared for the imperialist war, Germany sought to deprive the British and French colonies in Russia - Ukraine, Poland, the Baltic states. Germany threatened the rule of England in the Middle East, building the Baghdad Railway. England feared the growth of naval armaments of Germany.
Tsarist Russia sought to partition Turkey, dreaming of the conquest of the Straits from the Black Sea to the Mediterranean Sea (Dardanelles), the capture of Constantinople. The plans also included the king's government seizure of Galicia - part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire.
England wanted the war to break through a dangerous competitor - Germany, whose goods before the war became more and more displace British goods in the global market. In addition, Britain intended to conquer Turkey Mesopotamia, Palestine and firmly settled in Egypt.
French capitalists have sought to capture a German coal and iron rich Saar basin and Alsace-Lorraine, which had been taken away by Germany from France in the war of 1870-1871.
Thus for the imperialist war brought major conflict between the two groups of capitalist countries.
This predatory war for the redivision of the world affected the interests of all the imperialist countries, and so it proved to be further drawn into Japan, the United States and several other states.
The war has become global.
The imperialist war bourgeoisie was prepared in secret from their people. When the war broke out, every imperial government sought to prove that it is not attacked its neighbors, and attacked him. The bourgeoisie deceiving the people by concealing the true purpose of the war and its imperialist, predatory nature. Every imperialist government claimed that the war is being waged to protect their homeland.
To deceive the people helped the bourgeoisie to the opportunists of the II International. The Social Democrats II International basely betrayed the cause of socialism, the cause of international solidarity of the proletariat. They are not only opposed the war, but on the contrary, helped the bourgeoisie to play off the workers and peasants of the belligerents to each other under the banner of defending the fatherland.
Russia was not accidental in the imperialist war on the side of the Allies - France and England. It must be borne in mind that before 1914 the most important branches of Russian industry in the hands of foreign capital, mainly French, British and Belgian, that is, the Entente. The major metallurgical plants in Russia in the hands of the French capitalists. In general metallurgy for almost three quarters (72 percent) depended on foreign capital. In the coal industry - in the Donbass region - was the same picture. About half of the oil production in the hands of the Anglo-French capital. A large part of the profits of Russian industry was in overseas, mostly - in the Anglo-French and banks. All these factors plus the billions of dollars loans, prisoners in the king of France and England, chained to tsarism Anglo-French imperialism, turned Russia into a tributary of the countries in their semi-colony.
The Russian bourgeoisie counted on starting a war, to improve their business: new markets, capitalize on military orders and deliveries, and at the same time suppress the revolutionary movement, using the military situation.
Tsarist Russia entered the war unprepared. Russian industry lagged far behind other capitalist countries. It was dominated by old factories with worn-out equipment.Agriculture in the presence of semi-feudal land tenure and the mass of impoverished, ruined the peasantry could not provide a sound economic basis for conducting a long war.
The king relied chiefly on the feudal landlords. Large Black-Hundred landlords in alliance with big business held sway in the country and the State Duma. They are entirely supported by internal and external policies of the tsarist government.Russian imperialist bourgeoisie hoped the tsarist autocracy, as the mailed fist, which could enable it to capture new markets and new territories, on the one hand, and crush the revolutionary movement of workers and peasants - on the other.
The party of the liberal bourgeoisie - Cadets - portrayed themselves as the opposition, but the foreign policy of the tsarist government supported without reservation.
The petty-bourgeois Socialist-Revolutionary Party and the Mensheviks from the very beginning of the war, disguised as a flag of socialism, helped the bourgeoisie to deceive people, hide the imperialist, predatory nature of the war. They preached the need for protection, the need for defense of the bourgeois "fatherland" from the "Prussian barbarians", maintained a policy of "civil peace" and to help, so the Government of the Russian Tsar to make war as well as the German Social Democrats helped the German government to wage war against the king " Russian barbarians. "
Only the Bolshevik Party remained faithful to the great banner of revolutionary internationalism, while remaining firmly in the Marxist positions determined struggle against the autocracy, against the landlords and capitalists, against the imperialist war. The Bolshevik Party in the first days of the war were of the facility, which started the war not to defend the fatherland, but for the seizure of foreign lands, to plunder other nations in the interests of landlords and capitalists, and that this war workers must wage a resolute war.
The working class supported Bolshevik Party.
True, bourgeois patriotic frenzy that gripped early in the war intellectuals and kulak strata of the peasantry, also hurt some of the workers. But these were mostly members of the hooligan "Union of Russian People," and part of SR-Menshevik-minded workers. They certainly did not reflect and could not reflect the sentiments of the working class. These were precisely the elements and participants in the bourgeoisie chauvinistic demonstrations organized by the tsarist government in the early days of the war.
Chapter VI. The Bolshevik Party during the imperialist war. The second revolution in Russia (1914 - March 1917)
ны империалистической войны.
14 (27) in July 1914 the tsarist government declared a general mobilization. July 19 (August 1), Germany declared war on Russia.
Russia entered the war.
Long before the war, Lenin and the Bolsheviks foresaw its inevitable. At international congresses socialists Lenin spoke with proposals aimed to ensure that the command line to define a revolutionary socialists in the event of war.
He pointed out that the war - an inevitable concomitant of capitalism. Robbery of foreign lands, conquering and looting of the colonies, conquest of new markets not served once the cause of wars of conquest of the capitalist states. Warrior of the capitalist countries is as natural and legitimate state, as the exploitation of the working class.
In particular, the war became inevitable, when, in the late nineteenth and early XX century, finally developed into the highest and last stage of its development - Under imperialism, imperialism acquired a decisive role in the life of the capitalist states powerful unions (monopoly) of the capitalists and banks. Finance capital has become the master of the capitalist states. The financial capital required for new markets, capture new colonies, new places to export capital, new sources of raw materials.
But at the end of the nineteenth century the whole territory of the globe was divided between the capitalist states. Meanwhile. development of capitalism in the era of imperialism is very uneven and unevenly: some countries, former in the first place, and develop its own industry rather slowly, while others, former backward, fast catching up in jumps and overtake them. Changed the ratio of economic and military forces of the imperialist states. Show a tendency for a new redivision of the world.The struggle for a new division of the world caused the inevitability of imperialist war. The 1914 war was a war for the redivision of the world and spheres of influence. It was prepared well in all the imperialist countries. Its perpetrators - the imperialists of all countries.
In particular, as the war was prepared by Germany and Austria, on the one hand, France, Britain and Russia dependent on them - on the other. In 1907, there was Triple Entente, the Entente or, - the union of England, France and Russia. Other imperialist alliance were Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy. But Italy at the beginning of the war of 1914 came from this union, and then joined the Entente.Germany and Austria-Hungary, supported by Bulgaria and Turkey.
Prepared for the imperialist war, Germany sought to deprive the British and French colonies in Russia - Ukraine, Poland, the Baltic states. Germany threatened the rule of England in the Middle East, building the Baghdad Railway. England feared the growth of naval armaments of Germany.
Tsarist Russia sought to partition Turkey, dreaming of the conquest of the Straits from the Black Sea to the Mediterranean Sea (Dardanelles), the capture of Constantinople. The plans also included the king's government seizure of Galicia - part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire.
England wanted the war to break through a dangerous competitor - Germany, whose goods before the war became more and more displace British goods in the global market. In addition, Britain intended to conquer Turkey Mesopotamia, Palestine and firmly settled in Egypt.
French capitalists have sought to capture a German coal and iron rich Saar basin and Alsace-Lorraine, which had been taken away by Germany from France in the war of 1870-1871.
Thus for the imperialist war brought major conflict between the two groups of capitalist countries.
This predatory war for the redivision of the world affected the interests of all the imperialist countries, and so it proved to be further drawn into Japan, the United States and several other states.
The war has become global.
The imperialist war bourgeoisie was prepared in secret from their people. When the war broke out, every imperial government sought to prove that it is not attacked its neighbors, and attacked him. The bourgeoisie deceiving the people by concealing the true purpose of the war and its imperialist, predatory nature. Every imperialist government claimed that the war is being waged to protect their homeland.
To deceive the people helped the bourgeoisie to the opportunists of the II International. The Social Democrats II International basely betrayed the cause of socialism, the cause of international solidarity of the proletariat. They are not only opposed the war, but on the contrary, helped the bourgeoisie to play off the workers and peasants of the belligerents to each other under the banner of defending the fatherland.
Russia was not accidental in the imperialist war on the side of the Allies - France and England. It must be borne in mind that before 1914 the most important branches of Russian industry in the hands of foreign capital, mainly French, British and Belgian, that is, the Entente. The major metallurgical plants in Russia in the hands of the French capitalists. In general metallurgy for almost three quarters (72 percent) depended on foreign capital. In the coal industry - in the Donbass region - was the same picture. About half of the oil production in the hands of the Anglo-French capital. A large part of the profits of Russian industry was in overseas, mostly - in the Anglo-French and banks. All these factors plus the billions of dollars loans, prisoners in the king of France and England, chained to tsarism Anglo-French imperialism, turned Russia into a tributary of the countries in their semi-colony.
The Russian bourgeoisie counted on starting a war, to improve their business: new markets, capitalize on military orders and deliveries, and at the same time suppress the revolutionary movement, using the military situation.
Tsarist Russia entered the war unprepared. Russian industry lagged far behind other capitalist countries. It was dominated by old factories with worn-out equipment.Agriculture in the presence of semi-feudal land tenure and the mass of impoverished, ruined the peasantry could not provide a sound economic basis for conducting a long war.
The king relied chiefly on the feudal landlords. Large Black-Hundred landlords in alliance with big business held sway in the country and the State Duma. They are entirely supported by internal and external policies of the tsarist government.Russian imperialist bourgeoisie hoped the tsarist autocracy, as the mailed fist, which could enable it to capture new markets and new territories, on the one hand, and crush the revolutionary movement of workers and peasants - on the other.
The party of the liberal bourgeoisie - Cadets - portrayed themselves as the opposition, but the foreign policy of the tsarist government supported without reservation.
The petty-bourgeois Socialist-Revolutionary Party and the Mensheviks from the very beginning of the war, disguised as a flag of socialism, helped the bourgeoisie to deceive people, hide the imperialist, predatory nature of the war. They preached the need for protection, the need for defense of the bourgeois "fatherland" from the "Prussian barbarians", maintained a policy of "civil peace" and to help, so the Government of the Russian Tsar to make war as well as the German Social Democrats helped the German government to wage war against the king " Russian barbarians. "
Only the Bolshevik Party remained faithful to the great banner of revolutionary internationalism, while remaining firmly in the Marxist positions determined struggle against the autocracy, against the landlords and capitalists, against the imperialist war. The Bolshevik Party in the first days of the war were of the facility, which started the war not to defend the fatherland, but for the seizure of foreign lands, to plunder other nations in the interests of landlords and capitalists, and that this war workers must wage a resolute war.
The working class supported Bolshevik Party.
True, bourgeois patriotic frenzy that gripped early in the war intellectuals and kulak strata of the peasantry, also hurt some of the workers. But these were mostly members of the hooligan "Union of Russian People," and part of SR-Menshevik-minded workers. They certainly did not reflect and could not reflect the sentiments of the working class. These were precisely the elements and participants in the bourgeoisie chauvinistic demonstrations organized by the tsarist government in the early days of the war.
Chapter VI. The Bolshevik Party during the imperialist war. The second revolution in Russia (1914 - March 1917)
ны империалистической войны.
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